каннабиноиды обладают противовоспалительным действием, то есть по идее ослабляют иммунный ответ, то есть наоборот должно быть меньше температуры и недомогания, как от парацетамола например. но они конечно наверно гораздо слабее чем парацетамол
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9.1. Interleukins
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory and immunostimulatory cytokine produced by the immune system which normally increases with age.[447] Self-reported usage of marijauna in middle-aged African-Americans appears to be associated with lower resting IL-6 concentrations when compared to similarly-aged nonsmoking cohorts (58% of control value).[448] Although this cohort was on average obese (another possible reason for elevated IL-6[449]) and their BMI was also correlated with IL-6 in serum, IL-6 levels were still lower in the marijuana users even after adjustment for these and other social and physical factors.[448]
9.2. Natural Killer Cells
The cannabinoid system appears to affect natural killer cells (NK cells), as the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) which is involved in immunological signalling[450] has been noted to induce the migration of NK cells partially via CB2 receptors;[451] when Δ9THC was tested, it not only failed to induce migration of NK cells at 1µM but blocked 2-AG from doing so at the same concentration.[451] While not specifically demonstrated, these differences may be due to differences in binding strength to CB2, since Δ9THC and anandamide, which also failed, are partial CB2 receptor agonists while 2-AG is a full agonist.[450][452]
In contrast to the inability of Δ9THC to induce cell migration, intravenous administration of 2.5mg/kg cannabidiol (CBD) for two weeks appears to increase the total count and percentage of NK cells in rats despite reductions in other lymphocytes (B and T cells).[453]
While the cannabinoid system is involved in natural killer cell migration, Δ9THC does not induce cell migration at moderate concentrations.
Usage of bhang in youth (around 1.5-3g daily) appears to be associated with a reduced amount of natural killer cells in serum (26%) relative to youth who did not report usage of cigarettes or marijuana; this association was noted in those using for 6-24 months yet was not present in those who reported usage for longer periods.[454]
One study assessing an association between immunological parameters and Cannabis sativa usage (as bhang) noted a reduction in NK cell count associated with bhang.
9.3. B Cells
B Lymphocytes (B cells) express CB2 receptors to a degree greater than NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells (descending order of receptor abundance[455][456]) and the mRNA for this receptor appears to be responsive to various cytokines in vitro with lipopolysaccharide potentially suppressing CB2 mRNA[457][456] and stimulation of STAT6 via IL-4 increasing CB2 receptor expression.[458]
Activation of this receptor in B cells increases differentiation,[459] migration,[460] and activation[461] with at least one study also implicating this receptor in antibody class switching since incubation of B cells with cannabinoid agonists can increase immunoglobulin E (IgE) at the cost of IgM secretion in a manner blocked by CB2 antagonists.[462] An increase in IgE without allergic reaction has been noted in a few cases given marijuana inhalation.[463]
When tested in vitro, Δ9THC caused a dose-dependent increase in B cell proliferation with an EC50 of 2nM when in the presence of costimulatory agents depsite anandamide being ineffective up to 1µM.[464]
The antiinflammatory cannabinoid receptor (CB2) appears to be expressed to a relatively large degree on the particular kind of white blood cell known as B cells, which are involved in adaptive immunity. When this receptor is activated, B cells appear to generally be activated and secretion of IgE may be preferred over other immunoglobulins.
When investigating chronic marijuana smokers, baseline B cell count appeared to be lower than nonsmoking controls[463] (lower baseline B cell count has also been noted in chronic bhang users relative to nonusers[454]) but this was normalized over the course of 64 days with marijuana usage in hospitalized settings.[463] Trends for the initial reduction[463][454]and restoration to baseline levels with marijuana usage[463] have also been noted with T cells.
There are no controlled interventions comparing the effects of marijuana against placebo in regard to B cell mediated immunity, but it seems that chronic users have lower baseline B cell count than nonusers. Reductions in B cell levels may not persist with longer term use, however.
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